Internet Courses essays

Web Courses papers Take normal courses or take web courses? 10 years back, tutoring still implied that the understudies sat in a study hall while tuning in to the teacher⠡â ¯s addresses. Presently, we have another decision, which implies the web courses. We can tune in to the talks on line while sitting on the agreeable seat at home. Someone imagine that taking the web course is actually an extraordinary method to learn in light of the fact that it is comfort and productivity, while the others may contend  ¡Ã‚ °Does it contain suitable material for us? Does it accomplish a similar quality as the normal course?â ¡ Whether it is acceptable or not, web courses is presently accessible for us. To begin with, let⠡â ¯s review how could we concentrate in a study hall when the web isn't accessible. We sat with our cohorts while the instructor giving us the talk. The instructor examined the issues with the understudies, gave the tests, additionally gathered assignments . Obviously, concentrate in an ordinary class is a decent technique for learning. It can keep up a little size of class and arrive at the high caliber of accomplishment. In 1978, Smith and Glass distributed a meta-investigation consolidating the aftereffects of 77 exact examinations relating to the connection between class size and accomplishment, and before long tailed it with a second meta-examination breaking down the connection between class size and different results. In general, they found that little classes were related with higher accomplishment at all evaluation levels, and if understudy task was painstakingly controlled. In their subsequent investigation, they reasoned that little classes were prevalent as far as understudies' responses, educator confidence, and the nature of the instructional environment.[1] Then again, does a web class can keep up a little size of class? Clearly, it can not. Another large bit of leeway of taking customary classes is that individuals can make a great deal of companions in school. They can talk about the issues, share their encounters, either fortunate or unfortunate, make a gr ... <!

Failure of Reconstruction

Disappointment of Reconstruction is characterized as a thing that has been revamped in the wake of being harmed or annihilated. Following the common war the South was a lot of harmed both truly and inwardly. The extreme republicans attempted to reshape the south for their own advantage which was ineffective no matter how you look at it for some reasons. Eventually reproduction neglected to achieve the objectives of the free blacks and radical republicans on the grounds that the radicals needed a hard recreation of the south that was unreasonable on the grounds that it ignored the existence objectives of the recently liberated African Americans.Once the thirteenth amendment finished bondage the recently liberated blacks of the south had some significant objectives at the top of the priority list. In the source â€Å"Jourdon Anderson, Letter To P. H. Anderson† Jourdon talks about his destinations as a liberated person which incorporated the wages he earned working for his previo us ace, instruction and insurance of his youngsters, and to be treated with deference ( Reading, 159). It was not simply Jordon who wished these things; the entirety of the recently liberated blacks were looking for these objectives and different objectives as well.Even however the extreme republicans unequivocally contradicted bondage, their objectives during recreation didn't actually bolster the black’s objectives. Radical republicans focused on a hard recreation of the south that would delete the gross disparities in riches made by bondage. They accepted the most ideal approach to achieve this was by splitting the land in the south. Removing the land from the renegades and offering it to the freedmen. Radicals immovably accepted the property of the renegades should pay for the national obligation brought about by the Civil War (Reading, 161). The southerners didn't bolster this thought whatsoever.They are incredibly furious with Thaddeus Stevens for needing to split their property, land that has been in their families for ages, and give that land to dark individuals (Reading, 161). Southerners attempted to enroll previous slaves back to their ranches so as to keep a little piece of subjection existing (Reading, 159). At last the white southerners needed to set up racial oppression. They did as such with savagery, enrolling dread in the blacks and interracial couples by lynching (Reading, 169). Georges Clemencau was a French doctor and writer, secured Washington governmental issues for a French newspaper.In the source â€Å"U. S. Senate, Reports On ‘Outrages Committed By Disloyal Persons’† Clemencau discusses the twofold standard the U. S. government has for military and common leaders of the Confederate government. He discusses how the whites mightily get what they need in any capacity they need climate it’s unlawful or not (Reading, 167). The objectives of the extreme republicans rotated around making the southerners pay for the war harms, allowing blacks to be free individuals, and disposing of the vas varieties in riches among the slave owners.While these objectives crease reasonable, the degree wherein the extreme republicans needed them done was most certainly not. Just as these objectives couldn't be finished without help from others, and the white southerners didn't bolster these objectives. The free blacks fortified these objectives, yet they were not at the highest priority on their rundown of objectives following the abrogation of bondage. Consequently making recreation come up short for absence of help and the immense measure of penance they requested from the southerners.

Magical Attic Misty Pig Friendship Word Search

Magical Attic Misty Pig Friendship Word Search A challenging word search for early elementary readers Early readers can build reading, writing, and word-recognition skills with this challenging word search. Children are asked to find and circle a group of words related to friendship and kindness. BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

Do Children Need Compulsory Sex Education in Schools

Do Children Need Compulsory Sex Education in Schools Today all we hear about is growing quantity of abortions, kids getting pregnant, all kinds of sexual transmitted diseases being spread. Sexuality-connected problems are on the rise. What we need to think about is the cause and possible ways of changing the situation. Most people think that if there was more information on sexual relations, the number of these cases could probably be reduced to minimum. Sex education lessons can be the best solution to that. Teenagers would be able to get reliable information on the means of contraception, start of sexual life, abortions, venereal diseases and so on. On the other hand, all that stuff is very personal, and the way it is represented can have a huge impact on the kids future relationships and sexuality. It is very important to have the right way to deliver the information; moreover, there should be the right person to do it. Of course, you wont let a stranger iron you knickers, so how can you let him teach your child what the sex is. The appropriate teacher should have strong moral values, background in education or simply be a good and wise person. When most adults hear about sex education, the first thought that comes to their minds is â€Å"modern teenagers know more than we do about that†. I know one lady who used to think that she couldnt get pregnant when the moon was fool. However, even her small 5-year-old son proves she is wrong. But as for teenagers, their image of what is wrong and right when it comes to sex is based on very fragmentary information and mostly on gossips they spread among each other. Even though our society claims to be open-minded, most of the kids feel too embarrassed to come to adults with their doubts when it comes to sex. You will find significant dissimilarities on the problem of abstinence. 15 % of people in America think that colleges should instruct just about abstinence from sexual activity and cannot showcase the way to acquire and make use of condoms along with other pregnancy prevention measures. Moreover, sometimes institutions are expected to teach about homosexuality and correct attitude toward this fact. But can you be 100% sure that the opinion of the teacher who is leading the course will be equal to the one you have in your family? Never. Sex education lessons are definitely better than no information on this topic at all. It is wise to begin conversations on sexual topics at early age, in easy approaches, and after that let the kids find out more year after year. By doing so, the kids will believe that this is an organic and common knowledge, issues theyve know for a long time. But in my mind, it would be more effective if that knowledge came from the person whom a teenager can trust – like parents or close relatives.

Homeless Children Essay - 3565 Words

Introduction In the United States, 1.5 million children are homeless. 1.5 million children are without adequate shelter, nourishment, healthcare, or education. When a child is homeless, it is not just a house that they are without. They are more likely than other children to experience hunger, constant illness, mental disorders, and developmental delays.1 Being homeless negatively affects a child’s overall welfare and ability to thrive within their community throughout their childhood and into their adulthood. It impedes their ability to live a healthy life and gain an adequate education, as children who are homeless face far more obstacles, such as increased health risks and lack of educational opportunities, than children who aren’t†¦show more content†¦Preventing and ending child homelessness must be a priority for both the U.S. government and the U.S. community. The Affects of Child Homelessness on Health, Hunger, Disorders, Development, and Education â€Å"Homelessness itself can make children sick.†2 Being homeless has an extremely adverse and detrimental effect on a child’s health and well-being. Children who are homeless are more susceptible to health risks because of their poor environment and impoverished lifestyle and have less access to healthcare. The increased amount of health risks plus the lack of healthcare results in the growth of serious illnesses which often go untreated. Risks often begin before a child is born, as it is likely that the mother has been living in poverty, under-nourished, abusing substances, and not receiving adequate prenatal care.3 Children who are born in this condition have a lower birth weight and poor immune system, often suffering from anemia, meaning that they will need specialized care from the start. As they age, children cannot fight off disease and illness as well as non-homeless children, they are two times as likely to visit the hospital in one year, have respiratory in fections, and experience more chronic health problems overall.45 Because homeless children tend to stay in poor conditions and unsafe environments, they are more prone to suffer from lead poisoning, which in its mostShow MoreRelatedHomeless Child Education : Homeless Children1678 Words   |  7 PagesHomeless Children Education Several factors severely compromise the ability of homeless children to succeed in school, as I discovered in interviews with 277 homeless families in New York City in 1988. Barriers to the success of these children include health problems, hunger, transportation obstacles, and difficulty obtaining school clothes and suppliesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ all of which are linked to low attendance rates (Rafferty and Rollins 1989). Other factors are associated with the nature of the emergency shelterRead MoreHomeless Children And Youth Assistance Act979 Words   |  4 PagesStarke as we are getting at least two to three new students who are considered homeless and put under the McKinney-Vento Act. â€Å"The McKinney-Vento Education of Homeless Children and Youth Assistance Act is a federal law that ensures immediate enrollment and educational stability for homeless children and youth. McKinney-Vento provides federal funding to states for the purpose of supporting district programs that serve hom eless students† ( With my mother being the McKinny-Vinto liaison in Bradford countyRead MoreEssay about Homeless Children In America1111 Words   |  5 PagesHomeless Children in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To be homeless is to not have a home or a permanent place of residence. Nationwide, there is estimated to be 3.5 million people that are homeless, and roughly 1.35 million of them are children. It is shown that homeless rates, which are the number of sheltered beds in a city divided by the cities population, have tripled since the 1980’s (National Coalition for Homeless, 2014). Worldwide, it is estimated that 100 million children live and work on the streets.Read MoreWhy Children Alone Or With Their Families Become Homeless?1108 Words   |  5 PagesImagine feeling hopeless, lost, and alone. Feeling like all doors have closed, and knowing surviving day by day is your daily task. Surprisingly, â€Å"[a] staggering 2.5 million children are now homeless each year,†countless innocent children and their families are impacted by a destitute life style (â€Å"National Center†). Fortunately, efforts are being made to address homelessness constructive ly. Statewide organizations such as Covenant House and local organizations like The Maslow Project are hopingRead MoreHomeless Children : The Poverty Rate, Lack Of Affordable Housing And Single Parent Households1476 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless Children According to recent reports child homelessness, an estimated 2.5 million children are homeless in the United States. Sadly, nearly half of these children are under the age of five. In fact, one in every thirty children is considered homeless and the numbers continue to increase annually (Bassuk, E., DeCandia, C., Beach, C., Berman, F., 2014) Though many factors contribute to this social epidemic, the high poverty rate, lack of affordable housing and single parent households areRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless Children963 Words   |  4 Pagespeople think about what kind of individuals are homeless, they often conceive of a shabbily dressed, elder male sitting in the front of a random doorway, with a wine bottle in a brown paper bag. However, homelessness for the past years has begun to be more visible. Homeless children are portrayed in welfare and academic literature as a category of children at risk. Whatever transpires in early childhood can affect a child s lifestyle. In young children, the results are harsh. Stress can result fromRead More A Rhetorical Examination of The Homeless and Their Children Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"The Homeless and Their Children†, author Jonathon Kozol explains how poverty and homelessness can go hand in hand, but he also shows his readers that the government in New York City during the 1980’s did not really attempt to assist those in need. The author shows us how the homeless and illiterate struggled by sharing with us an interview with a young woman called Laura who resided in a massive welfare hotel. Kozol did not find it necessary to write this piece in a persuasive tone, or a compassionateRead MoreHomeless Families With Children By Megan Krueger Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless Families with Children Introduction Homelessness continues to be a widespread issue in the United States. Homeless families with children, in particular, undergo their own unique experiences compared to the rest of the homeless population. In order to thoroughly understand homeless families, it is important to analyze the causes of homelessness, the families’ lived experiences while homeless, the policies that perpetuate their homelessness, and the effects of homelessness on all familyRead More Homeless Children and the Educational System Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesHomeless Children and the Educational System Many people still think of homeless transients as alcoholics and/or mentally disabled. The truth is, the current homeless population consists of runaway adolescents, single adult males or females, battered women and over one million homeless families with children – typically headed by a female parent. To be homeless means that one’s primary residence is a public or private shelter, emergency housing, hotel, motel, living with family or friendsRead MoreHealth Disparities Among Homeless Women And Their Children1015 Words   |  5 Pages Health Disparities Among Homeless Women and Their Children Geraldine Barron Denver School of Nursing Cohort C â€Æ' Health Disparities Among Homeless Women and Their Children Health care disparities is known for its vulnerability among low income and minority status populations. Of most concern are the vulnerable population subgroups known by the harsh environments in which they live, their endangered and unhealthy life styles and the illnesses and injuries that afflict them. â€Å"These subpopulations

Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Postoperative ocular loss ( POVL ) after non-ocular surgery is a rare, but lay waste toing complication that has been associated legion types of surgeries and patient hazard factors. Stoelting and Miller ( 2007 ) estimate the incidence of POVL from 1 in 60,965 to 1 in 125,234 for patients undergoing noncardiac, nonocular surgeries, from 0.06 % to 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 113 % in cardiac surgery patients with cardiorespiratory beltway and 0.09 % of prone spinal column surgeries. The demand to understand the causes of POVL and the preventive steps that can be taken to decrease the likeliness of vision loss happening are deductions for anaesthesia suppliers and patients likewise. Consequences of POVL non merely affect the enfeebling impact on the patient ‘s quality of life, but besides the legion medical and legal branchings for the anaesthesia suppliers. Although POVL is considered a comparatively uncommon complication, the demand to understand the frequence of POVL and related hazards and causes are of import issues. In 1999, the American Society of Anesthesiologists ‘ ( ASA ) Committee on Professional Liability established the ASA Postoperative Visual Loss Registry to better understand the job ( Stoelting A ; Miller ) . Reports of loss of vision have occurred after assorted non-ocular related surgical processs. Some illustrations of these are cardiorespiratory beltway, spinal surgery, hip arthroplasty, abdominal processs, craniotomies and processs of the caput and cervix ( Morgan, Mikhail A ; Murray, 2006 ) . The three recognized causes of postoperative ocular loss are ischaemic ocular neuropathy ( ION ) either anterior ( AION ) or posterior ( PION ) , cardinal retinal arteria occlusion ( CRAO ) , cardinal retinal vena occlusion ( CRVO ) and cortical sightlessness. Ischemic ocular neuropathy is the most often cited cause of postoperative ocular loss following general anaesthesia with cardinal retinal arteria occlusion from direct retinal force per unit area as a lesser cause. ( Stoelting A ; Miller, 2007 ) . Factors that have been identified as possible perioperative factors for ION include drawn-out hypotension, extended continuance of surgery, prone placement, inordinate blood loss, unneeded crystalloid usage, anaemia, and increased intraocular force per unit area from prone placement. Patient related hazard factors associated with ION include diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, morbid fleshiness, coronary artery disease, and smoke. ( Stoelting A ; Miller, 2007 ) . Literature Review Several retrospective surveies have examined the natural history of POVL after nonocular surgery in an effort to place patients at hazard for POVL and cut down surgical hazard factors. The first, from 1996, Roth, Thisted, Erickson, Black, and Schreider reviewed oculus hurts in 60,985 patients undergoing anaesthesia between 1988 and 1992. The overall incidence of oculus hurt in this survey was 0.56 % . Duration of anaesthesia was found to be an independent hazard factor for oculus hurt. The hazard was further increased with general anaesthesia and endotracheal cannulation and in patients undergoing surgery of the caput or cervix. The bulk of the patients with oculus hurts had corneal scratchs or pinkeye. Merely one patient was found to hold POVL as a consequence of ION. This patient underwent lumbar spinal merger and the writers noted that calculated hypotension and hemodilution were used. In 1997, Stevens, Glazer, Kelley, Lietman and Bradford focused on ophthalmic complications specifically after spinal surgery. Of 3450 spinal column surgeries that the writers reviewed, seven ( 0.2 % ) instances of ocular loss were identified. Four ( 57 % ) of the seven patients suffered ION of which three had PION. Two of the seven patients had occipital infarcts, both of which were embolic. The 7th patient had a CRVO without associated periorbital hydrops or force per unit area mortification. The surgical times ranged from 3-8 hours in these patients. The estimated blood loss ranged from minimum to 8.5 litres. A 3rd survey, besides conducted in 1997, by Myers, Hamilton, Bogoosia, Smith and Wagner, collected patients by beging studies from the Scoliosis Research Study of POVL after spinal surgery every bit good as 10 good documented instances from the spinal literature. They found that longer surgical times and important blood loss were positively correlated with POVL. However, the haematocrit and blood force per unit area degrees were no different than in age matched controls without POVL. Twenty-three of the 37 ( 62.2 % ) patients had ION, 9 ( 24.3 % ) had CRAO, 3 ( 8.1 % ) had occipital infarcts and the staying three did non hold clear diagnosings. The writers concluded that reduced blood force per unit area is by and large good tolerated by patients, but that consideration should be given to set uping a minimal systolic blood force per unit area for each patient. In add-on, the writers recommended presenting long processs and protecting oculus place. More late the American Society of Anesthesiologists POVL register analyzed 93 instances of POVL happening after spinal surgery. The instances were collected via voluntary entry from1999 through June 2005. Eighty three ( 89.2 % ) of the patients had ION and the staying 10 ( 10.8 % ) patients had CRAO. All of the patients were placed prone. Surgical clip exceeded 6 hours in 94 % of the instances. In 34 % of instances the average arterial force per unit area or systolic blood force per unit area ( SBP ) was reduced to 40 % or more below baseline. The average haematocrit was 26 % with 82 % of patients losing one or more litres of blood. All of the patients with CRAO used head restraints alternatively of Mayfield pins and were somewhat younger than the ION patients ( 46 vs. 50 old ages ) . In add-on, 66 % of the ION patients had bilateral ocular loss and none of the CRAO patients did. Ipsilateral periocular injury was more often seen in the CRAO patients ( 70 % vs. 1 % ) than in ION patie nts. They once more identified the hazard of prone placement, blood loss and long surgical times. However, they were unable to definitively delegate a function to hypotension in POVL ( Lee, Roth, Posner, Cheney A ; Caplan, 2006 ) . Another survey examined the published instance studies of ION after spinal surgery in the prone place. The writers found that PION was more often reported than AION ( n = 17 vs. n = 5 ) .3 In the bulk of the instances, some degree of hypotension and anaemia was reported. However, the writers note that the degree of blood force per unit area and anaemia sustained by these patients would be considered acceptable in most anesthesia patterns. Furthermore, the writers observed that average surgical clip was over 7.5 hours. Strategies the writers suggested to avoid postoperative ION included careful usage of deliberate hypotension tailored to the patient ‘s hazard degree and theatrical production of long, complex processs ( Ho, Newman, Song, Ksiazek A ; Roth, 2005 ) . Case Study A 62 twelvemonth old male was scheduled for a three degree lumbosacral laminectomy and diskectomy ( L2 through L4 ) . He had a history of high blood pressure, fleshiness, stomachic reflux disease, myocardial infarction 5 old ages antecedently with two stents placed in the LAD, and a 50-pack-year smoke history. The patient had a surgical history of bilateral carpal tunnel release and ventral hernia fix with mesh. No old anaesthetic complications were noted. Current medicines included omeprazole, and Lopressor. He had no known drug allergic reactions. The patient ‘s physical scrutiny revealed an afebrile patient, pulse 67, respirations 16, blood force per unit area 162/92, SpO2 of 95 % on room air. The patient ‘s general visual aspect was a reasonably corpulent adult male in no evident hurt. Airway appraisal revealed a category 2 Malampatti, natural teething and normal cervix scope of gesture. Laboratory findings were hemoglobin 14.4 and hematocrit 40 % . All other haematol ogy, curdling profiles were normal. EKG was normal sinus beat and Chest X ray was normal. The patient underwent a criterions initiation and cannulation. He was turned prone, appendages were good padded and airing and critical marks were satisfactory. The process lasted for 3 hours and during a period of moderate blood loss, the patient had a period of hypotension enduring for about seven proceedingss. His blood force per unit area averaged 95/55 for about 30 proceedingss and for five proceedingss blood force per unit area averaged 80/45. Fluid resuscitation totaled 3 litres of crystalloid. Estimated blood loss was 550ml with a postoperative haematocrit of 29 % . On waking up, the patient did non exhibit any marks of orbital hydrops or POVL. The patient stated that vision was present in both eyes and his neurologic scrutiny was normal. Schemes for bar of POVL ION is the most common cause of POVL and may be designated as anterior ( AION ) or posterior ( PION ) depending on the location of the ocular nervus lesion. Ocular loss of AION is due to infarction at watershed zones within the ciliary arterias of the choroid bed of the ocular disc which flows into the choriocapillaris. The choriocapillaris is an end-arterial circulation with small transverse circulation and may be prone to ischemia. The posterior ocular nervus is served by subdivisions of the ocular arteria and the cardinal retinal arteria ; blood flow to the posterior ocular nervus is significantly less than the anterior ocular nervus ( Lee, et Al, 2006 ) . Many interventions have been attempted to change by reversal POVL, including anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, retrobulbar steroid injections, norepinepherine extracts ( to better perfusion force per unit area ) , diphenylhydantoin, osmotic water pills, blood replacing, carbonaceous anhydrase inhibitors, steroids and ocular nervus decompression. The most common forecast of POVL is small return of ocular map ( Lee, et al 2006 ) . ION should be suspected if a patient complains of painless ocular loss during the first postoperative hebdomad and may be noticed foremost on rousing from slumber, when intraocular force per unit area is highest. Pressing opthamologic audience should be sought to analyze the patient comprehensively, set up the diagnosing, and urge farther rating and therapy. Even though forecast tends to be hapless, prompt intervention may be the lone opportunity at retrieving vision ( Ho, Newman, Song, Ksiazek, A ; Roth, 2005 ) . Obvious turning away of force per unit area on the oculus is a primary scheme to avoid ION. However, POVL has been noted in patients besides in the supine place. Current anaesthesia supplier instruction refering turning away of compaction of a patient ‘s eyes has made it a rare intraoperative event. Possibly nore good is keeping acceptable blood force per unit area and haematocrit, particularly in patients with multiple hazard factors. More than one-half of the patients entered in the ASA POVL database were positioned prone and were noted as holding important facial puffiness. When associated with systemic hypotension, optic perfusion force per unit area is diminished. Decreased haematocrit in the presence of other hazard factors seems to patients at hazard for ocular loss. Induced hypotension and hemodilution during prone spinal column instances should be avoided when patients have risk factors for POVL ( Lee, et Al, 2006 ) . How to cite Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Structural Design of a Building Essay Example

Structural Design of a Building Essay There are 7 different forms of structural design used to form multi-storey buildings within the building industry today, They are:- †¢Shear wall structures †¢Hull core structures †¢Propped structures †¢Suspended structures †¢Traditional framed/caged structures †¢Cantilevered structures †¢Braced structures The two that are popular and most widely used are shear wall structuresand braced structures. SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES These are made up from Concrete continuous vertical walls that are used as both architecturally partitions and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading. They are very high in plane stiffness and strength which makes them the ideal panels for bracing tall buildings; they also act as vertical cantilevers in the form of separate planar walls, and as non-planar assemblies of connected walls around elevator, stair and service shafts. This way of forming a building is well suited to hotel and residential buildings where the floor-by floor repetitive planning allows the walls to be vertically continuous and where they serve simultaneously as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and apartments. Advantages:- †¢Tensile reinforcement for areas where tension stresses occur in †¢Walls when wind uplifts stresses exceed gravity stresses. †¢High strength concrete has enable wall thickness to be minimized, hence maximizing rentable floor space. †¢Technology exists to pump and to place high-strength concrete at high elevation. †¢Fire rating for service and passenger elevator shafts is achieved by simply placing concrete of a determined thickness. †¢The need for complex bolted or side-welded steel connections is avoided. Well detail reinforce concrete will develop about twice as much damping as structural steel. Disadvantages:- †¢Shear walls formed around elevator and service risers require a concentration of opening at ground level where stresses are critical. †¢Shear wall vertical movements will continue throughout the life of the building. †¢Construction time is generally slower than for a steel frame building. †¢The additional weig ht of the vertical concrete elements as compared to steel will induce a cost penalty for the foundations. Regular survey check must be undertaken to ensure that the vertical and twist alignment of the shear walls are within tolerance. †¢In general it is difficult to achieve a good finish from slip-form formwork systems, and rendering or some other type of finishing may be necessary. Shear wall Structures BRACED FRAME STRUCTURES Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals loads through the axial stiffness of the frame members. This is an effective way of building as the steel has a high ratio of stiffness; it is an ideal method to use in the production of multi-storey building. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Design of a Building specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Design of a Building specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Design of a Building specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A braced frame is made completely from steel, this is because the diagonal steels are subjected to tension and lateral loading. Able to produce a laterally very stiff structure by using a minimum amount of additional materials makes it an economical structural form for any height of buildings. Advantages:- †¢Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing action-Floor framing design is independent of its level in the structure. †¢Can be repetitive up the height of the building with obvious economy in design and fabrication. Disadvantages:- Obstruct the internal planning and the locations of the windows and doors; for this reason, braced bent are usually incorporated internally along wall and partition lines, especially around elevator, stair, and service shaft. -Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect. Braced frame structures TASK 2 There are many different materials that can be used to form a multi-story building, the two most common are steel a nd concrete this is due to both the strength and the cost of the materials. STEEL The demand for steel as a building material is growing within the construction industry. Steels high strength, ductility, adaptation to prefabrication, speed of erection, etc. , have always been attractive characteristics to consultants and developers. In today’s fast tracked construction projects where time and schedule are of essence, these qualities become decisive in choosing the type of structure to be built. At present, Structural Steel Works, Inc. offers all of the advantages of steel as a building material at the most competitive price without sacrificing quality control. Advantages of using steel:- †¢Superior Strength and durability. †¢Precise measurements, perfect angles. †¢Resistant to pest. Great protection against the worst weather conditions. †¢Steel Components mean minimal material waste. †¢Installation is fast and simple. †¢Labour costs are minimal. †¢Steel is recyclable. †¢A cost Effective material. Structural steel building CONCRETE Reinforced concrete can be strengthened by using a number of different meth ods, such as -: †¢reinforcement bars †¢reinforcement grids †¢reinforcement plates †¢reinforcement fibers Concrete is very strong in compression but not in tension so these materials are there to help strengthen the concrete in tension. The term Ferro Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron or steel. Other materials used to reinforce concrete can be organic and inorganic fibers as well as composites in different forms. The most common method of strengthening concrete is to use reinforcement bars. For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement should have the following properties: †¢High strength †¢High tensile strain †¢Good bond to the concrete †¢Thermal compatibility †¢Durability in the concrete environment Advantages of using precast concrete:- †¢Column-Free Long Spans With fewer columns and more usable floor space, precast, prestressed concrete provides greater freedom for space utilization. Conserves Energy Prestressed concrete components can improve the thermal storage potential of a building. It effectively conserves energy required for heating and cooling. †¢Maintenance Free Precast concrete does not require painting and is free from corrosion. Its durability extends building life. †¢Resists Fire Durability and fire resistance mean low insurance premiums and greater personnel safety. Those who investigate life cycle costing will appreciate the precast concretes excellent fire resistance characteristics. †¢Rapid Construction precast concrete construction gets the job done sooner. The manufacturing of prestressed members and site preparation can proceed simultaneously. Early occupancy provides obvious benefits to the client. †¢Versatility of Design Precast concrete buildings are not only functional but beautiful as well. Numerous panel configuration design possibilities are available. Structural concrete building As raw material prices differ, so does building design. During times of lower steel prices, more steel and less concrete is used, and vice versa, but both materials are typically used together. Concrete without steel reinforcement crumbles under tensile loads. Steel on its own, without composite or reinforced concrete floors, is likewise not a preferred building method. While rebar is almost always steel, it is not considered structural steel and is described separately in the rebar and reinforced concrete articles. While both steel structures and Reinforced concrete cement(R. C. C)structures have their pros and cons, the steel structures have better strength to weight ratio than RCC, and can be easily dismantled(Steel structures, which have bolted connections can also be reused to some extent after dismantling).